Wednesday, 21 May 2014

Rubik's cube ... cube theory

introduction
It is said that the average human being uses only a small part of the brain. The rest remains unstimulated .In order to put the entire brain to use, we need to engage in different kinds of activities, as different parts of the brain control different aspects of our behaviour.It is the organ that controls our emotions, creativity, logical thinking, communication, our dreams and how we work towards achieving our goals and aspirations.Mental stimulation helps the brain perceive and integrate new aspects.
Puzzles are excellent brainteasers. They set the brain thinking and that in itself helps with the development of the brain.While brain development is most prominent in the early years of one’s life, it does not stop at any given time.The brain can continually assimilate information even in old age.
It is said that as long as one uses the brain,one will not fall victim to senility,or a hoard of other mental diseases.So what one really needs is to stay alert,think fast and develop good concentration.The focus is to do something that will exercise the brain.Something that will jog it into action and keep it ticking all the time a sort of mental aerobics.
Studies show that solving puzzles involving maths,words,pictures,colours are all an important part of leading a mentally stimulated lifestyle.Exercising the brain improves memory,and increases concentration.It also teaches you to think,and consequently increases creativity With the focus in the education department slowly shifting towards cognitive learning,we take a look at the Rubiks Cube,the decades-old puzzle that till today has people twirling and twisting it in their  fingers in a bid to solve it in the minimum  time possible.
The cube is not just a puzzle that can keep you occupied for hours together till you learn how to solve it that is it can also help you lead a mentally fit life well into your old age.
As of January 2009, 350 millions of cubes have been sold worldwide make it the world’s top selling puzzle game. It is widely considered to be the world’s best selling toy.
Although the Rubik's Cube reached its height of mainstream popularity in the 1980s, it is still widely known and used. Many speedcubers continue to practice it and other twisty puzzles and compete for the fastest times in various categories.
Since 2003, The World Cube Association, the Rubik's Cube's international governing body, has organized competitions and kept the official world recordsSo  let us see  the interesting things about this famous Rubik’s cube in the following topics.

Invention
Rubik’s cube is a 3D-combination puzzle invented in 1974 by Hungarian sculptor and professor of architecture “Erno Rubik”. The Rubik’s cube a 1974 invention of Erno Rubik of Hungary fascinated people around the globe and become one of the most popular games in the early 1980’s have been initially released as the “MAGIC CUBE” in Hungary in late 1977 and then remanufactured and released in the western world as Rubik’s cube in 1980. The puzzle was licensed by Rubik to be sold by ideal toy in 1980 via German businessman Tibor Laczi and Seven Towns founder Tom Kremer and won the German game of the year special award for best puzzle of that year.
It earned a place as a permanent exhibit in New York’s museum of modern art and entered the Oxford English dictionary in 1982.
Liberty science centre and Google are currently designing an interactive exhibit based on Rubik’s cube it will open at LSC in Jessy city .NJ, In April 2014 in celebration of cube’s 40th anniversary before travelling internationally for seven years. Exhibition element include thirty five foot-tall roof top cube made of lights that people can manipulate with their cell phones, a $ 2.5 million cube made of diamond, a giant walk- in the cube displaying the inner working of the puzzle and cube solving robots.
Erno Rubik
In the mid of 1970 Erno Rubik worked department of interior design at the academy of applied arts and crafts in Budapest. Although it is widely reported that the cube was built as a teaching tool to help his students to understand 3D objects, his actual purpose was solving the structural problems of moving the parts independently without the entire mechanism falling apart. He did not realize that he had created a puzzle until the first time he scrambled his new cube and then tried to restore it.
construcion and stucture of rubik’s cube
In a classic Rubik's Cube, each of the six faces is covered by nine stickers, each of one of six solid colours (traditionally white, red, blue, orange, green, and yellow, where white is opposite yellow, blue is opposite green, and orange is opposite red, and the red, white and blue are arranged in that order in a clockwise arrangement).An internal pivot mechanism enables each face to turn independently, thus mixing up the colours. For the puzzle to be solved, each face must be returned to consisting of one colour. Similar puzzles have now been produced with various numbers of sides, dimensions, and stickers, not all of them by Rubik.
Rubik obtained Hungarian patent HU170062 for his "Magic Cube" in 1975. Rubik's Cube was first called the Magic Cube (Bűvös kocka) in Hungary. The puzzle had not been patented internationally within a year of the original patent. Patent law then prevented the possibility of an international patent. Ideal wanted at least a recognizable name to trademark; of course, that arrangement put Rubik in the spotlight because the Magic Cube was renamed after its inventor in 1980.
The first test batches of the Magic Cube were produced in late 1977 and released in Budapest toy shops. Magic Cube was held together with interlocking plastic pieces that prevented the puzzle being easily pulled apart, unlike the magnets in Nichols's design. In September 1979, a deal was signed with Ideal to release the Magic Cube worldwide, and the puzzle made its international debut at the toy fairs of London, Paris, Nuremberg and New York in January and February 1980.
After its international debut, the progress of the Cube towards the toy shop shelves of the West was briefly halted so that it could be manufactured to Western safety and packaging specifications. A lighter Cube was produced, and Ideal decided to rename it. "The Gordian Knot" and "Inca Gold" were considered, but the company finally decided on "Rubik's Cube", and the first batch was exported from Hungary in May 1980. Taking advantage of an initial shortage of Cubes, many imitations and variations appeared.
A standard Rubik's Cube measures 5.7 cm (approximately 2¼ inches) on each side. The puzzle consists of twenty-six unique miniature cubes, also called "cubies" or "cubelets". Each of these includes a concealed inward extension that interlocks with the other cubes, while permitting them to move to different locations. However, the centre cube of each of the six faces is merely a single square façade; all six are affixed to the core mechanism. These provide structure for the other pieces to fit into and rotate around. So there are twenty-one pieces: a single core piece consisting of three intersecting axes holding the six centre squares in place but letting them rotate, and twenty smaller plastic pieces which fit into it to form the assembled puzzle.

MECHANICS INVOLVED IN THE CUBE
Each of the six centre pieces pivots on a screw (fastener) held by the centre piece, a "3-D cross". A spring between each screw head and its corresponding piece tensions the piece inward, so that collectively, the whole assembly remains compact, but can still be easily manipulated. The screw can be tightened or loosened to change the "feel" of the Cube. Newer official Rubik's brand cubes have rivets instead of screws and cannot be adjusted.
The Cube can be taken apart without much difficulty, typically by rotating the top layer by 45° and then prying one of its edge cubes away from the other two layers. Consequently it is a simple process to "solve" a Cube by taking it apart and reassembling it in a solved state.
There are six central pieces which show one coloured face, twelve edge pieces which show two coloured faces, and eight corner pieces which show three coloured faces. Each piece shows a unique colour combination, but not all combinations are present (for example, if red and orange are on opposite sides of the solved Cube, there is no edge piece with both red and orange sides). The location of these cubes relative to one another can be altered by twisting an outer third of the Cube 90°, 180° or 270°, but the location of the coloured sides relative to one another in the completed state of the puzzle cannot be altered: it is fixed by the relative positions of the centre squares. However, Cubes with alternative colour arrangements also exist; for example, with the yellow face opposite the green, the blue face opposite the white, and red and orange remaining opposite each other.
TYPES OF CUBES
Initially Rubik invented the 3*3*3 cube (magic cube) only but now several types of 3D puzzles have been invented like pyramids,  4*4*4 , 5*5*5 , 6*6*6 , 7*7*7 ,……., 17*17*17 cubes.


2*2*2- pocket cube

3*3*3- Rubik’s cube
4*4*4- Rubik’s revenge
5*5*5- professor’s cube
6*6*6- V-Cube 6
7*7*7- V-cube 7
There are different variations of Rubik's Cubes with up to seventeen layers: the 2×2×2 ( pocket/mini Cube), the standard 3×3×3 cube, the 4×4×4 (Rubik's Revenge/Master Cube), and the 5×5×5 (Professor's Cube), the 6×6×6 (V-Cube 6), and 7×7×7 (V-Cube 7). The 173 "Over The Top" cube (available late 2011) is currently the largest (and most expensive, costing more than a thousand dollars) available. Due to additional complexities inherent in manufacturing even-number-layered cubes, all cubes 93 or larger (as of 2012) have an odd number of layers. The largest order magic cube is 17*17*17 cubes large and consists of 1,539 parts. It was created by Oskar van devente (Netherland) and presented at the New York puzzle party symposium in New York in Feb 2011.
Non-licensed physical cubes as large as 11×11×11 based on the V-Cube are commercially available to the mass-market circa 2011 in China; these represent about the limit of practicality for the purpose of "speed-solving" competitively (as the cubes become increasingly ungainly and solve-times increase exponentially). These cubes are illegal (even in China) due to the fact that they violate Panagiotis Verdes' patents; however some countries do not enforce patent law strictly, leading to their general availability. In addition, Chinese companies have produced 3×3×3 cubes with variations on the original mechanism that, while legally controversial, are generally considered to be superior for competitive speedcubing.

MATHEMATICS INVOLVED

PERMUTATION

The original (3×3×3) Rubik's Cube has eight corners and twelve edges. There are 8! (40,320) ways to arrange the corner cubes. Seven can be oriented independently, and the orientation of the eighth depends on the preceding seven, giving 37 (2,187) possibilities. There are 12! /2 (239,500,800) ways to arrange the edges, since an even permutation of the corners implies an even permutation of the edges as well. (When arrangements of centres are also permitted, as described below, the rule is that the combined arrangement of corners, edges, and centres must be an even permutation.) Eleven edges can be flipped independently, with the flip of the twelfth depending on the preceding ones, giving 211 (2,048) possibilities.
This is approximately 43 quintillion .
The puzzle is often advertised as having only "billions" of positions, as the larger numbers are unfamiliar to many. To put this into perspective, if one had as many standard sized Rubik's Cubes as there are permutations, one could cover the Earth's surface 275 times.
The preceding figure is limited to permutations that can be reached solely by turning the sides of the cube. If one considers permutations reached through disassembly of the cube, the number becomes twelve times as large:
Which are approximately 519 quintillion possible arrangements of the pieces that make up the Cube, but only one in twelve of these are actually solvable. This is because there is no sequence of moves that will swap a single pair of pieces or rotate a single corner or edge cube. Thus there are twelve possible sets of reachable configurations, sometimes called "universes" or "orbits", into which the Cube can be placed by dismantling and reassembling it.
SOLVING TECHNIQUES AND ALGORITHM

Algorithms

In Rubik's cubers' parlance, a memorised sequence of moves that has a desired effect on the cube, is called an algorithm. This terminology is derived from the mathematical use of algorithm, meaning a list of well-defined instructions for performing a task from a given initial state, through well-defined successive states, to a desired end-state. Each method of solving the Rubik's Cube employs its own set of algorithms, together with descriptions of what effect the algorithm has, and when it can be used to bring the cube closer to being solved.
Many algorithms are designed to transform only a small part of the cube without interfering with other parts that have already been solved, so that they can be applied repeatedly to different parts of the cube until the whole is solved. For example, there are well-known algorithms for cycling three corners without changing the rest of the puzzle, or flipping the orientation of a pair of edges while leaving the others intact.
Some algorithms do have a certain desired effect on the cube (for example, swapping two corners) but may also have the side-effect of changing other parts of the cube (such as permuting some edges). Such algorithms are often simpler than the ones without side-effects, and are employed early on in the solution when most of the puzzle has not yet been solved and the side-effects are not important. Most are long and difficult to memorize. Towards the end of the solution, the more specific (and usually more complicated) algorithms are used instead.




METHODS
  • Fridrich Method
  • Petrus
  • ZB
  • ZZ
  • Corners First
  • Beginner CF
  • Beginner CFOP

Faster methods

While the above method may be good for a beginner, it is too slow to be used in speedcubing. The most popular method for speedcubers is very similar to the method above, except steps 2 and 3 are combined, and the last layer is solved in two steps instead of three. The inventor of this common method is Jessica Fridrich. With this method, speedcubers with good dexterity and memory can average under 20 seconds after a few months of hard practice. However, to learn the method you must learn 78 algorithms. There are methods just as fast that requires far fewer algorithms to be memorized. Here is a brief synopsis of several popular speedcubing methods

Layer by Layer methods

Fridrich Method A very fast First 2 Layers (or F2L) method, start by solving a cross on one face, then proceeding to solve the First 2 Layers pairing up edge and corner combinations and putting them into their slot. This is followed by solving the Last Layer in two steps, first orienting all pieces (one color on the last layer), then permuting them (solving the ring around the last layer). The basic method has 78 algorithms (without the inverse of them), and is recognized as one of the fastest methods currently in use.
F2L Alternatives Methods that follow the same principle as Fridrich's method, but using different algorithms. Many of the algorithms are shared but there are a few differences, so there should be one to suit your fingers.
ZB method This method was developed independently by Ron van Bruchem and Zbigniew Zborowski in 2003. After solving the cross and three c/e pairs, the final F2L pair is solved while orienting LL edges. This is known as ZBF2L. The last layer can then be solved in one algorithm, known as ZBLL. The ultimate method requires several hundred algorithms. Lars Vandenbergh's site has ZBF2L algorithms, used in his VH system. ZBLL algorithms can be found on Doug Li's webpage.
ZZ method This method was created in 2006 by Zbigniew Zborowski, the co-creator of the ZB method. It has three basic steps: EOLine, F2L, and LL. EOLine stands for Edge Orientation Line. The orientation of edges is defined as either good or bad. Good meaning the edge can be placed into the correct position with a combination of R, L, U, D, F2, or B2, moves. Bad meaning it would require an F, F′, B, or B′ move to be moved into its correct position. Any F, F′, B, or B′ move will cause the four edges on that slice to change from its current state, good or bad, to the opposite state. The Line portion of EOLine is forming a line on the bottom of the cube that consists of the DB edge and the DF edge in their correct positions. The next step is F2L, First 2 Layers. It uses block building techniques to solve the two remaining 1x2x3 blocks of the F2L using only R, U, and L moves. This allows for very quick solving of F2L as it does not require cube rotation. The final step of the ZZ method is LL, Last Layer, and it can be broken into multiple steps or maintained as one depending on the algorithms used. There are two main approaches to this method OLL and PLL , Orientation of LL and Permutation of LL, and COLL and EPLL, Corner OLL and Edge PLL. The first, OLL and PLL, is to use one of 7 algorithms to solve the top layer (OLL) and then permute the edge and corners into their correct positions (PLL), this requires 21 algorithms. The total algorithms required for the first approach of solving LL is 28. The second approach to solving LL is to solve the top and the corners in one algorithm (COLL) and then solve the edges (EPLL). COLL requires 40 algorithms and EPLL requires 4, making the total 44 algorithms. The second approach is faster due the ease of recognition and speed of execution of EPLL.
VH method Created by Lars Vandenbergh and Dan Harris, as a stepping stone from Fridrich to ZB. First, F2L without one c/e-pair is solved with Fridrich or some other method. Then the last pair is paired up, but not inserted. Then it's inserted to F2L and LL edges are oriented in one go. Then, using COLL, corners of LL are solved while preserving edge orientation. Then edges are permuted.

Block methods

Petrus System Created by Lars Petrus. One of the shortest methods in terms of face turns per solve, the Petrus method is often used in fewest moves contests. Petrus reasoned that as you construct layers, further organization of the cube's remaining pieces is restricted by what you have already done. For a layer-based solution to continue after constructing the first layer, the solved portion of the cube would have to be temporarily disassembled while the desired moves were made, then reassembled afterwards. Petrus sought to get around this quagmire by solving the cube outwards from one corner, leaving him with unrestricted movement on several sides of the cube as he progressed. There are not as many algorithms to learn compared to the other F2L methods, but it takes a lot of dedication to master. The basis of the method is to create a 2 × 2 × 3 block on the cube, then proceed to solve a 3 × 3 × 2 block, but also flipping the edges on the Last Layer. Then the Last Layer is solved in two steps, first corners and then edges.
Heise method Created by Ryan Heise. First, one inner square and three outer squares are built intuitively. Then they are placed correctly while orienting remaining edges. After that you create two c/e-pairs, and solve the remaining edges. The last 3 corners are solved using a commutator.
Gilles Roux Method  
Another unique method, but works in blocks like the Petrus method. You start by solving a 1 × 2 × 3 block and then solve another 1 × 2 × 3 block on the other side of the cube. Next you solve the last corners and finally the edges and centers, has only 24 algorithms to learn.


Corners first methods


Waterman Method Created by Mark Waterman. Advanced corners first method, with about 90 algorithms to learn. Solve a face on L, do the corners on R and then solve the edges, an extremely fast 


Jelinek Method: Created by Josef Jelinek. This method is very similar to Waterman's.

   books on rubik’s cube
The following books are considered to be best books for solving the Rubik’s cube..
·         Algorithms ESA 2011
By Erik D.Demance , Martin L.Demaine,Sarah Eisenstal,Anna Lubilal,Andrew window.
·         Simple solutions for Rubik’s cube.
By James G Nursal.
·         Funskool  Rubik’s cube
By Funskool
·         Rubik’s cube
Phillip Morales
More than 959 e-books have been created for solving the Rubik’s cube.
competitions and records
Speedcubing (or speedsolving) is the practice of trying to solve a Rubik's Cube in the shortest time possible. There are a number of speedcubing competitions that take place around the world.
The first world championship organised by the Guinness Book of World Records was held in Munich on March 13, 1981. All Cubes were moved 40 times and lubricated with petroleum jelly. The official winner, with a record of 38 seconds, was Jury Froeschl, born in Munich. The first international world championship was held in Budapest on June 5, 1982, and was won by Minh Thai, a Vietnamese student from Los Angeles, with a time of 22.95 seconds.
Since 2003 the world cube association the Rubik’s cube international body, has organised competitions and kept the official world records.
Since 2003, the winner of a competition is determined by taking the average time of the middle three of five attempts. However, the single best time of all tries is also recorded. The World Cube Association maintains a history of world records.] In 2004, the WCA made it mandatory to use a special timing device called a Stackmat timer.
In addition to official competitions, informal alternative competitions have been held which invite participants to solve the Cube in unusual situations. Some such situations include:
  • Blindfolded solving
  • Solving the Cube with one person blindfolded and the other person saying what moves to make, known as "Team Blindfold"
  • Multiple blindfolded solving, or "multi-blind", in which the contestant solves any number of cubes blindfolded in a row
  • Solving the Cube underwater in a single breath
  • Solving the Cube using a single hand
  • Solving the Cube with one's feet
  • Solving the Cube in the fewest possible moves
Of these informal competitions, the World Cube Association sanctions only blindfolded, multiple blind folded, fewest moves, one-handed, and feet solving as official competition events.
In blindfolded solving, the contestant first studies the scrambled cube (i.e., looking at it normally with no blindfold), and is then blindfolded before beginning to turn the cube's faces. Their recorded time for this event includes both the time spent examining the cube and the time spent manipulating it.
In multiple blindfolded, all of the cubes are memorized, and then all of the cubes are solved once blindfolded; thus, the main challenge is memorizing many - often ten or more - separate cube positions. The event is scored not by time but by the number of solved cubes minus the number of unsolved cubes after one hour has elapsed.
In fewest moves solving, the contestant is given one hour to find his or her solution, and must write it down as an algorithm.

First Rubik's Cube World Championship, Budapest, June 5, 1982. Stamp of Hungary, 1982.

 

Records

This list contains only records achieved in official competitions.

3*3*3:

The best time for restoring the cube in an official championship.

The following table gives the world record history.

RECORD HOLDER
EVENT
SECONDS




Ronald Brinkmann (Germany)
West German Championship 1982
19
Robert Pergl (Czechoslovakia)
Czechoslovakian Championship 1982
17.02
Dan Knights (USA)
World Championship 2003
16.71
Jess Bonde (Denmark)
World Championship 2003
16.53
Shotaro Makisumi (Japan)
Caltech Winter competition 2004
15.07
Shotaro Makisumi (Japan)
Caltech Winter competition 2004
14.76
Shotaro Makisumi (Japan)
Caltech Spring competition 2004
13.93
Shotaro Makisumi (Japan)
Caltech Spring competition 2004
13.89
Shotaro Makisumi (Japan)
Caltech Spring competition 2004
12.11
Jean Pons (France)
Dutch Open 2005
11.75
Leyan Lo (USA)
Caltech Winter competition 2006
11.13
Toby Mao (USA)
US Championship 2006
10.48
Edouard Chambon (France)
Belgian Open 2007
10.36
Thibaut Jacquinot (France)
Spanish Open 2007
9.86
Erik Akkersdijk (Netherlands)
Dutch Open 2007
9.77
Ron van Bruchem (Netherlands)
Dutch Championships 2007
9.55
Edouard Chambon (France)
Murcia Open 2008
9.18
Yu Nakajima (Japan)
Kashiwa Open 2008
8.72
Erik Akkersdijk (Netherlands)
Czech Open 2008
7.08
Feliks Zemdegs (Australia)
Melbourne Cube Day 2010
7.03
Feliks Zemdegs (Australia)
Melbourne Cube Day 2010
6.77
Feliks Zemdegs (Australia)
Melbourne Summer Open 2011
6.65
Feliks Zemdegs (Australia)
Kubaroo Open 2011
6.24
Feliks Zemdegs (Australia)
Melbourne Winter Open 2011
6.18
Feliks Zemdegs (Australia)
Melbourne Winter Open 2011
5.66
Mats Valk (Netherlands)
Zonhoven Open 2013
5.55

 

Matt Valk from the Netherlands holds the current world record for completing a formal Rubik’s cube in 5.55 seconds.

  • 5 attempts, average of all but fastest and slowest attempt: 7.53 sec by Feliks Zemdegs (Australia) at the Australian Nationals 2012. The times for solving the cube were 7.56, 6.78, 7.16, 11.44 and 7.86 seconds.
  • blindfold, fastest time (including memorising): 23.80 seconds, Marcin Zalewski (Poland) at the Polish Nationals 2013
  • blindfold, most cubes: 24, Tim Habermaas (Germany) at the German Open 2008 in Gütersloh  
  • one handed: 9.43 seconds. Giovanni Contardi (Italiy) at the Italian Championships 2012 in Rome
  • with feet only: 27.93 sec, Fakhri Raihaan (Indonesia) at Celebes Cube Competition 2012
  • 24 hours: 4786 cubes solved, Milán Baticz (Hungary) on 16/17 November 2008.


The largest mosaic made from scrambled Rubik's Cubes measured 67 m [220 ft] x 4 m [13 ft]. The mosaic, showing the Macau skyline, was created in December 2012 by  Cube Works Studio from 85,794 cubes. It took 90 days from design to completion
The individual record was a Christmas tree composed by Bernett Orlando (India) from 2025 cubes in Cologne (Germany) in December 2009 (see photo, more photos can be found.
The fastest robot to solve a Rubik's Cube is CubeStormer II, developed by Mike Dobson and David Gilday. It solved a Rubik's Cube in 5.27 seconds.
PREVIOUS RECORD HOLDER
Ruby, developed by Swinburne University students (Australia), 10.18 seconds
Rubot II, developed by Peter Redmond (Ireland), solved a scrambled Rubik's Cube within 64 seconds (including the time to scan the initial position) on 8 January 2009 at the Young Scientist show in the Royal Dublin Society .

The largest Rubik's Cube was built by Daniel Urlings (Luxemburg). It could contain 64 normal sized Rubik's Cubes.
The most working layers has a 17x17x17 cube constructed by Oskar van Deventer (Netherlands). 

The smallest working Rubik's Cube is 8 mm wide. It was created using a 3D-printer by Evgeniy Grigeriev (Russia).
The most expensive Rubik's Cube was the Masterpiece Cube, produced by Diamond Cutters International in 1995. The actual-size, fully functional cube features 22.5 karats of amethyst, 34 karats of rubies, and 34 karats of emeralds, all set in 18-karat gold. It has been valued at about US-$ 1.5 mio.
The youngest person who solved a  Rubik's Cube in a competition was Ruxin Liu (China), who was 3 years 118 days old when she solved the cube in 1:39.33 at the Weifang Open on 14 April 2013.

4x4x4CUBE:

Fastest time: 25.34 sec, Feliks Zemdegs (Australia), Shepparton Winter 2013
Blindfold: fastest time (including memorising): 2:30.62 min, Marcell Endrey (Hungary) at the Slovenian Open 2013

5x5x5 CUBE
Fastest time: 51.09 seconds, Feliks Zemdegs (Australia) at the Australian Nationals 2012
blindfold, fastest time (including memorising): 6:06.41 min, Marcell Endrey (Hungary) at the World Championships 2013.
 6x6x6CUBE

Fastest time: 1:49.46 min, Kevin Hays (USA), Couve Cubing 2012, Vancouver, Wash.

7x7x7CUBE

Fastest time: 2:41.63 min, Lin Chen (China) at Hangzhou Open 2012.

 

Uses in solving Rubik’s cube:

          Rubik’s cube help children engage themselves in productive, mind-challenging, brain development puzzle which is one of the world’s most loved and popular game. There has been a lot of research don on the impact of brain games and studies show that brain games exercise many different mental abilities .

      

 

 

 KEY BENEFITS OF SOLVING RUBIK’S CUBE

·         Stimulates the thought process

·         Develops focus and attention

·         Visual perception

·         Enhance logic and reasoning

·         Improve memory

·         Ability to think, learn and reason

·         Better patience and persistence  

·         Excellent teaching tool

·         Assist children / teens that have strong interest in the computer , engineering or architecture field.

·          Improve academic performance

·         Strengthens the motor skills

·         A great exercise for brain

·         Improves eye-hand co-ordination

·         Improves general concentration

·         Increases problem solving ability

·         Improves maintenance of short term memory

·         Improves spatial awareness

·         Demonstrates the need to practice

·         Develops sharp mental reflexes

·         Exposure to algorithms and approach to mental programming

·         Improves overall cognitive skills

·         Increases processing speed

·         Increases reaction time

·         Task switching

·         Improves  verbal fluency

·         Face name recall

CONCLUSION:

   In today’s society of non-stop TV and entertainment and other passive interactive media, which do not require much brain activity, a toy like a Rubik’s cube can actually be a beneficial tool that helps strengthen our cognitive skills required for problem solving, creative and critical thinking, improve memory and abilities to focus and concentrate on a task over a longer period of time. Research elicits that solving the cube puzzle can greatly boost the spatial intelligence of the player, as it deals with understanding the organizational complexities of structure spatial transformation which are required to accomplish the desired goal. The cube is not just a puzzle that can keep you occupied for hours together till you learn how to solve it that is it can also help you lead a mentally fit life well into your old age. So just grab a Rubik’s Cube and get cracking..



REFERENCES
·        Article-Be well buzz
·        Article-Gaonomics
·        Article-IQ (IQ incentive)
·        www.speedcubing.com
·        www.speedsolving.com
·        Simple solution Rubik’s cube by James G Nursal.
·        Rubik’s cube-Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.mht
·        How to solve the Rubik’s cube-Wikipedia, open book.mht
·        Rubik’s cube World Records.mht









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